Kalahari woodland (Wk)

Description

Kalahari woodland occurs in the Kalahari Sands of the upper Zambezi basin. Zambezian dry evergreen forest (Fm) or Zambezian dry deciduous forest and scrub forest (Fn) was the original climax vegetation type in the most favourable soils (possibly only on higher landscape positions; J. Timberlake, pers. comm.). Kalahari woodland is either secondary (due to fire and cultivation) to these original dry forest types or is part of a catenary sequence from forests on ridges to seasonally waterlogged depressions. It is not easy to distinguish between these two types of Kalahari woodland (White 1983 p. 97).

Kalahari scrub woodland occurs in between Kalahari woodland and Kalahari suffrutex grassland (a vegetation type that we classified as edaphic grassland (g). It is characterized especially by Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, whereas other characteristic species include Brachystegia brachystemma, Burkea africana, Hymenocardia acida and Parinari curatellifolia (White 1983 p. 99).

Plant species

The main species recorded to occur within this vegetation type are listed below. Clicking the name of any of these species will open the page for that species on the Agroforestry Species Switchboard. Between brackets the English vernacular name of the species and the documented country distribution of the species (B=Burundi, E=Ethiopia, K=Kenya, M=Malawi, R=Rwanda, T=Tanzania, U=Uganda, Z=Zambia) is provided.

Based on information on species presence in national manifestations of vegetation types, each species was classified as a regionally dominant, characteristic, present or marginal species for a vegetation type (Read more ...)

• Characteristic species
  Acacia erioloba (Camel thorn, Z), Albizia antunesiana (Purple-leaved false thorn, BMRTZ), Amblygonocarpus andongensis (MTUZ), Baikiaea plurijuga (Zambezi redwood, Z), Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Snake bean tree, MTZ), Brachystegia longifolia (BMTZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Burkea africana (Wild syringa, KMTUZ), Combretum psidioides (Peeling bushwillow, BKMTZ), Combretum zeyheri (Large-fruited bushwillow, KMTZ), Cryptosepalum exfoliatum (MTZ), Dialium englerianum (Kalahari podberry, Z), Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Wild rubber, MZ), Erythrophleum africanum (Ordeal tree, KMTUZ), Julbernardia paniculata (MTZ), Ochna pulchra (Peeling-bark plane, Z), Parinari curatellifolia (Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (Duiker berry, BMTZ), Schinziophyton rautanenii (Manketti tree, MTZ), Strychnos pungens (Spine-leaved monkey orange, MTZ), Terminalia sericea (Silver terminalia, MTZ)
  
  
• Species present
  Allophylus africanus (BEKMRTUZ), Baphia massaiensis (Sand camwood, TZ), Bauhinia petersiana (White bauhinia, MTZ), Brachystegia bakeriana (Z), Brachystegia floribunda (MTZ), Combretum collinum (Hairy bushwillow, BEKMRTUZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ), Guibourtia coleosperma (Large false mopane, Z), Hymenocardia acida (Heart-fruit, BEKMRTUZ), Isoberlinia angolensis (BMTZ), Julbernardia globiflora (BMTZ), Markhamia obtusifolia (Golden bean tree, BKMRTZ), Myrsine africana (Cape myrtle, EKMRTUZ), Parinari capensis (Dwarf mobola plum, MTZ), Rhus tenuinervis (Rolled-leaf currant, EKMTZ), Smilax anceps (Devil's yam, BEKRTUZ), Strychnos cocculoides (Monkey orange, BKMTZ), Syzygium guineense (Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Uapaca kirkiana (Wild loquat, BMTZ), Uapaca nitida (BMTZ), Vitex madiensis (BTUZ), Vitex mombassae (Smelly berry vitex, BKMTZ), Ximenia americana (False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  

Products and environmental services of tree species

Documented products and environmental services for the tree species occurring in this vegetation type (Wk) are listed below. Clicking the name of any of these species will open the page for that species on the Agroforestry Species Switchboard. Between brackets information is given on the status of each species ('dom' indicates dominant species, 'cha' characteristic species, 'pre' other species and 'mar' species of marginal occurrence), the English vernacular name of the species and the documented country distribution of the species (B=Burundi, E=Ethiopia, K=Kenya, M=Malawi, R=Rwanda, T=Tanzania, U=Uganda, Z=Zambia).

Wood

• Firewood
  Albizia antunesiana (Cha, Purple-leaved false thorn, BMRTZ), Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Cha, Snake bean tree, MTZ), Brachystegia longifolia (Cha, BMTZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Burkea africana (Cha, Wild syringa, KMTUZ), Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Cha, Wild rubber, MZ), Erythrophleum africanum (Cha, Ordeal tree, KMTUZ), Julbernardia paniculata (Cha, MTZ), Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (Cha, Duiker berry, BMTZ), Terminalia sericea (Cha, Silver terminalia, MTZ), Allophylus africanus (Pre, BEKMRTUZ), Baphia massaiensis (Pre, Sand camwood, TZ), Combretum collinum (Pre, Hairy bushwillow, BEKMRTUZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ), Isoberlinia angolensis (Pre, BMTZ), Julbernardia globiflora (Pre, BMTZ), Rhus tenuinervis (Pre, Rolled-leaf currant, EKMTZ), Strychnos cocculoides (Pre, Monkey orange, BKMTZ), Syzygium guineense (Pre, Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Uapaca kirkiana (Pre, Wild loquat, BMTZ), Uapaca nitida (Pre, BMTZ), Vitex madiensis (Pre, BTUZ), Vitex mombassae (Pre, Smelly berry vitex, BKMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Charcoal
  Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Cha, Snake bean tree, MTZ), Brachystegia longifolia (Cha, BMTZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Burkea africana (Cha, Wild syringa, KMTUZ), Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Cha, Wild rubber, MZ), Erythrophleum africanum (Cha, Ordeal tree, KMTUZ), Julbernardia paniculata (Cha, MTZ), Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (Cha, Duiker berry, BMTZ), Terminalia sericea (Cha, Silver terminalia, MTZ), Combretum collinum (Pre, Hairy bushwillow, BEKMRTUZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ), Isoberlinia angolensis (Pre, BMTZ), Julbernardia globiflora (Pre, BMTZ), Rhus tenuinervis (Pre, Rolled-leaf currant, EKMTZ), Syzygium guineense (Pre, Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Uapaca kirkiana (Pre, Wild loquat, BMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Timber, Furniture, Construction
  Acacia erioloba (Cha, Camel thorn, Z), Albizia antunesiana (Cha, Purple-leaved false thorn, BMRTZ), Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Cha, MTUZ), Baikiaea plurijuga (Cha, Zambezi redwood, Z), Brachystegia longifolia (Cha, BMTZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Burkea africana (Cha, Wild syringa, KMTUZ), Dialium englerianum (Cha, Kalahari podberry, Z), Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Cha, Wild rubber, MZ), Erythrophleum africanum (Cha, Ordeal tree, KMTUZ), Julbernardia paniculata (Cha, MTZ), Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (Cha, Duiker berry, BMTZ), Terminalia sericea (Cha, Silver terminalia, MTZ), Baphia massaiensis (Pre, Sand camwood, TZ), Guibourtia coleosperma (Pre, Large false mopane, Z), Isoberlinia angolensis (Pre, BMTZ), Markhamia obtusifolia (Pre, Golden bean tree, BKMRTZ), Syzygium guineense (Pre, Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Uapaca kirkiana (Pre, Wild loquat, BMTZ), Uapaca nitida (Pre, BMTZ), Vitex madiensis (Pre, BTUZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Poles, Posts
  Baikiaea plurijuga (Cha, Zambezi redwood, Z), Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Cha, Snake bean tree, MTZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Burkea africana (Cha, Wild syringa, KMTUZ), Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Cha, Wild rubber, MZ), Erythrophleum africanum (Cha, Ordeal tree, KMTUZ), Julbernardia paniculata (Cha, MTZ), Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Terminalia sericea (Cha, Silver terminalia, MTZ), Allophylus africanus (Pre, BEKMRTUZ), Baphia massaiensis (Pre, Sand camwood, TZ), Combretum collinum (Pre, Hairy bushwillow, BEKMRTUZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ), Isoberlinia angolensis (Pre, BMTZ), Markhamia obtusifolia (Pre, Golden bean tree, BKMRTZ), Strychnos cocculoides (Pre, Monkey orange, BKMTZ), Syzygium guineense (Pre, Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Uapaca kirkiana (Pre, Wild loquat, BMTZ), Uapaca nitida (Pre, BMTZ), Vitex mombassae (Pre, Smelly berry vitex, BKMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Flooring, Panelling
  Baikiaea plurijuga (Cha, Zambezi redwood, Z), Erythrophleum africanum (Cha, Ordeal tree, KMTUZ), Guibourtia coleosperma (Pre, Large false mopane, Z)
  
  
• Beehives
  Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Julbernardia globiflora (Pre, BMTZ)
  
  
• Veneer, Plywood
  Guibourtia coleosperma (Pre, Large false mopane, Z)
  
  
• Tools, Tool handles, Shafts
  Acacia erioloba (Cha, Camel thorn, Z), Brachystegia longifolia (Cha, BMTZ), Terminalia sericea (Cha, Silver terminalia, MTZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ), Guibourtia coleosperma (Pre, Large false mopane, Z), Julbernardia globiflora (Pre, BMTZ), Strychnos cocculoides (Pre, Monkey orange, BKMTZ), Syzygium guineense (Pre, Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Vitex mombassae (Pre, Smelly berry vitex, BKMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Carvings, Utensils, Walking stick, Bow, Arrow
  Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Cha, Snake bean tree, MTZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Burkea africana (Cha, Wild syringa, KMTUZ), Cryptosepalum exfoliatum (Cha, MTZ), Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Cha, Wild rubber, MZ), Schinziophyton rautanenii (Cha, Manketti tree, MTZ), Baphia massaiensis (Pre, Sand camwood, TZ), Julbernardia globiflora (Pre, BMTZ), Syzygium guineense (Pre, Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Vitex mombassae (Pre, Smelly berry vitex, BKMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Boat building
  Acacia erioloba (Cha, Camel thorn, Z)
  
  

Human consumption

• Edible fruit, Edible nut, Edible seed
  Dialium englerianum (Cha, Kalahari podberry, Z), Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Schinziophyton rautanenii (Cha, Manketti tree, MTZ), Bauhinia petersiana (Pre, White bauhinia, MTZ), Guibourtia coleosperma (Pre, Large false mopane, Z), Myrsine africana (Pre, Cape myrtle, EKMRTUZ), Rhus tenuinervis (Pre, Rolled-leaf currant, EKMTZ), Strychnos cocculoides (Pre, Monkey orange, BKMTZ), Syzygium guineense (Pre, Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Uapaca kirkiana (Pre, Wild loquat, BMTZ), Uapaca nitida (Pre, BMTZ), Vitex madiensis (Pre, BTUZ), Vitex mombassae (Pre, Smelly berry vitex, BKMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Seasoning, Flavouring
  Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Edible oil, Edible gum, Edible inner bark
  Schinziophyton rautanenii (Cha, Manketti tree, MTZ), Guibourtia coleosperma (Pre, Large false mopane, Z)
  
  
• Medicine
  Acacia erioloba (Cha, Camel thorn, Z), Albizia antunesiana (Cha, Purple-leaved false thorn, BMRTZ), Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Cha, Snake bean tree, MTZ), Brachystegia longifolia (Cha, BMTZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Burkea africana (Cha, Wild syringa, KMTUZ), Cryptosepalum exfoliatum (Cha, MTZ), Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Cha, Wild rubber, MZ), Erythrophleum africanum (Cha, Ordeal tree, KMTUZ), Julbernardia paniculata (Cha, MTZ), Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (Cha, Duiker berry, BMTZ), Schinziophyton rautanenii (Cha, Manketti tree, MTZ), Terminalia sericea (Cha, Silver terminalia, MTZ), Allophylus africanus (Pre, BEKMRTUZ), Bauhinia petersiana (Pre, White bauhinia, MTZ), Combretum collinum (Pre, Hairy bushwillow, BEKMRTUZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ), Guibourtia coleosperma (Pre, Large false mopane, Z), Julbernardia globiflora (Pre, BMTZ), Markhamia obtusifolia (Pre, Golden bean tree, BKMRTZ), Myrsine africana (Pre, Cape myrtle, EKMRTUZ), Rhus tenuinervis (Pre, Rolled-leaf currant, EKMTZ), Strychnos cocculoides (Pre, Monkey orange, BKMTZ), Syzygium guineense (Pre, Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Uapaca kirkiana (Pre, Wild loquat, BMTZ), Uapaca nitida (Pre, BMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  

Animal consumption

• Fodder
  Acacia erioloba (Cha, Camel thorn, Z), Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Cha, MTUZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Burkea africana (Cha, Wild syringa, KMTUZ), Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Cha, Wild rubber, MZ), Julbernardia paniculata (Cha, MTZ), Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (Cha, Duiker berry, BMTZ), Schinziophyton rautanenii (Cha, Manketti tree, MTZ), Allophylus africanus (Pre, BEKMRTUZ), Baphia massaiensis (Pre, Sand camwood, TZ), Bauhinia petersiana (Pre, White bauhinia, MTZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ), Guibourtia coleosperma (Pre, Large false mopane, Z), Markhamia obtusifolia (Pre, Golden bean tree, BKMRTZ), Rhus tenuinervis (Pre, Rolled-leaf currant, EKMTZ), Syzygium guineense (Pre, Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Uapaca nitida (Pre, BMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Bee forage
  Albizia antunesiana (Cha, Purple-leaved false thorn, BMRTZ), Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Cha, Snake bean tree, MTZ), Brachystegia longifolia (Cha, BMTZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Burkea africana (Cha, Wild syringa, KMTUZ), Cryptosepalum exfoliatum (Cha, MTZ), Julbernardia paniculata (Cha, MTZ), Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Terminalia sericea (Cha, Silver terminalia, MTZ), Allophylus africanus (Pre, BEKMRTUZ), Combretum collinum (Pre, Hairy bushwillow, BEKMRTUZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ), Isoberlinia angolensis (Pre, BMTZ), Julbernardia globiflora (Pre, BMTZ), Syzygium guineense (Pre, Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Uapaca kirkiana (Pre, Wild loquat, BMTZ), Vitex mombassae (Pre, Smelly berry vitex, BKMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  

Environmental services

• Shade
  Brachystegia longifolia (Cha, BMTZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (Cha, Duiker berry, BMTZ), Bauhinia petersiana (Pre, White bauhinia, MTZ), Combretum collinum (Pre, Hairy bushwillow, BEKMRTUZ), Isoberlinia angolensis (Pre, BMTZ), Rhus tenuinervis (Pre, Rolled-leaf currant, EKMTZ), Uapaca kirkiana (Pre, Wild loquat, BMTZ), Uapaca nitida (Pre, BMTZ), Vitex mombassae (Pre, Smelly berry vitex, BKMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Ornamental, Avenue tree
  Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Bauhinia petersiana (Pre, White bauhinia, MTZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ), Myrsine africana (Pre, Cape myrtle, EKMRTUZ), Vitex mombassae (Pre, Smelly berry vitex, BKMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Nitrogen fixation
  Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Soil conservation, Soil improvement
  Allophylus africanus (Pre, BEKMRTUZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Windbreak
  Combretum collinum (Pre, Hairy bushwillow, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  

Other products

• Fibre, Weaving, Rope
  Brachystegia longifolia (Cha, BMTZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Cryptosepalum exfoliatum (Cha, MTZ), Julbernardia paniculata (Cha, MTZ), Schinziophyton rautanenii (Cha, Manketti tree, MTZ), Terminalia sericea (Cha, Silver terminalia, MTZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ), Julbernardia globiflora (Pre, BMTZ), Markhamia obtusifolia (Pre, Golden bean tree, BKMRTZ), Smilax anceps (Pre, Devil's yam, BEKRTUZ)
  
  
• Thatch, Roofing, Mats, Baskets
  Burkea africana (Cha, Wild syringa, KMTUZ)
  
  
• Resin, Gum, Glue, Latex
  Acacia erioloba (Cha, Camel thorn, Z), Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Cha, Wild rubber, MZ), Erythrophleum africanum (Cha, Ordeal tree, KMTUZ)
  
  
• Tannin, Dye
  Acacia erioloba (Cha, Camel thorn, Z), Albizia antunesiana (Cha, Purple-leaved false thorn, BMRTZ), Brachystegia spiciformis (Cha, Bean-pod tree, BKMTZ), Dialium englerianum (Cha, Kalahari podberry, Z), Julbernardia paniculata (Cha, MTZ), Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (Cha, Duiker berry, BMTZ), Terminalia sericea (Cha, Silver terminalia, MTZ), Bauhinia petersiana (Pre, White bauhinia, MTZ), Guibourtia coleosperma (Pre, Large false mopane, Z), Isoberlinia angolensis (Pre, BMTZ), Rhus tenuinervis (Pre, Rolled-leaf currant, EKMTZ), Syzygium guineense (Pre, Guinea waterberry, BEKMRTUZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Live fence, Dead fence
  Schinziophyton rautanenii (Cha, Manketti tree, MTZ), Baphia massaiensis (Pre, Sand camwood, TZ), Combretum collinum (Pre, Hairy bushwillow, BEKMRTUZ), Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ), Rhus tenuinervis (Pre, Rolled-leaf currant, EKMTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Ceremonial
  Dichrostachys cinerea (Pre, Sickle bush, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Traditional uses
  Combretum collinum (Pre, Hairy bushwillow, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Toothbrushes
  Rhus tenuinervis (Pre, Rolled-leaf currant, EKMTZ)
  
  
• Veterinary medicine, Vermifuge
  Myrsine africana (Pre, Cape myrtle, EKMRTUZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Toxin, Insecticide, Repellent
  Acacia erioloba (Cha, Camel thorn, Z), Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Cha, MTUZ), Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Cha, Snake bean tree, MTZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  
• Cosmetic, Soap, Perfume, Oil
  Parinari curatellifolia (Cha, Mobola plum, BKMRTUZ), Ximenia americana (Pre, False sandalwood, BEKMRTUZ)
  
  

For more detailed information about the species occurrences see this excel workbook. It provides country specific information on species composition for this vegetation type. It also allows you to select a subset of useful tree species to provide desired products and services. For each species links to a number of websites / databases with information about this species are provided as well.

Conservation status

The table shows the area (km2) of the vegetation type and the percentage of this area explicitly designated for biodiversity, species or landscape protection (A) and areas designated for both protection and sustainable use objectives (B). Only the nationally designated protected areas were included.

A) Include the IUCN categories I - IV; B) Include the IUCN categories V - VI and the protected areas without IUCN classification. Read more

Links

Species selection tool
Other vegetation types
//vegetationmap4africa.org
Documentation

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